Limitations of File-Based Approach

Separation and isolation of data
-Difficult to access data that is available (eg. from two files – Student that achieved good academic result and active in extra curriculum activities)

Duplication of data
-Cost time and money to enter data more than once
-Additional storage space is needed - cost
-Inconsistencies of data

Data dependence
-File structure is defined in the program code.
-Changes to an existing structure are difficult to make

Incompatible file formats
-Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily access each other’s files.

Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application programs
-Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
-Any new requirement needs a new program.